Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Raoul Wallenberg Made a Difference
During a span of twelve years, the world and lives of million people were altered forever. From 1933-1945, Adolf Hitler was the ruler of the German Empire and virtually the ruler of the western hemisphere. Directly or indirectly, he made a lasting impression on the world. However, for every villain, there is a hero. That hero came in the form of a Swedish banker by the name of Raoul Wallenberg. Wallenberg became one of the most significant figures during the Holocaust and his courageous and dangerous efforts helped saved the lives of many Jews. His actions, audacious and gutsy, will never be forgotten by the citizens of the world. Raoul Wallenberg was responsible for the successful rescue of numerous innocent Jews during the Holocaust and truly made a difference on every individual that he encountered. (“Raoul Wallenberg”) (Rosenfeld)
On August 4, 1912, Raoul was born into one of the most famous families in all of Sweden, the Wallenberg family. With a long tradition of Swedish bankers, diplomats and politicians, the Wallenberg family was one of the largest and most recognizable families. Unfortunately for Raoul, he was born just three months after his father’s death. Raoul Oscar Wallenberg was an officer in the navy who died of cancer before his son was born. Growing up without a father prompted individuals from the Wallenberg family to step in as influences. His grandfather, Gustav Wallenberg took over Raoul’s education. It was planned that Raoul would continue in the family tradition and become a Swedish banker. However, Raoul’s interested strayed away from those of what his parents and grandparents wished. Raoul was more interested in architecture and trade. (“Raoul Gustav Wallenberg”)
In 1931, after his service in the military, Wallenberg traveled to the United States to study at the University of Michigan. There, he graduated in 3 ½ years and received numerous medals and honors for academics while receiving a degree in architecture. Once school was completed, Raoul planned to travel back to Sweden where he would put his major to work. However, the market for architects was small and he was forced to do other work while he waited for a job in the architecture field. In 1935, Gustav sent his grandson to Cape Town, Africa where he worked selling building materials. After a short stint there, he was arranged for a job in a Dutch bank in what is now Israel. He spent a year in Palestine working a quiet life as a banker, but the stories of the Nazi’s persecution of the Jews rattled his life and the Jews life for the better. (“Raoul Wallenberg”) (Rosenfeld)
Perhaps it was because he had a small drop of Jewish blood in him or perhaps it was his human nature, but whatever the reason, Raoul couldn’t help but feel a sense of compassion and longing to help the Jews. Wallenberg’s famous name allotted him the opportunities of being in contact with some of the most powerful successful men in all of Sweden. One of those people was his cousin, Jacob Wallenberg, who was a famous banker and industrialist. With the help of Jacob, Raoul was introduced to Koloman Lauer. Lauer was a Hungarian Jew and also the director of a Swedish based import and export company specializing in food and delicacies. Due to the intelligent nature of Raoul and his excellent communication skills, he became the perfect partner for Lauer and his business. Within months, he was the joint owner of the Mid-European Trading Company. While on business, he made several trips through Nazi-occupied France and Germany, where he was a first hand witness to the German bureaucracy. He also traveled to Hungary to see Lauer’s family (Lauer was a Hungarian Jew). Although Hungary was a neutral nation at the moment, it became a significant influence on Wallenberg as the years passed. (“Raoul Wallenberg and the Rescue of Jews in Budapest”)
In 1944, the world was struck with the sudden realization of the monstrous personality of Adolf Hitler. Hitler’s plan of the “final solution” was released to the world after two Jews escaped and told the horrifying tale of their encounters in Auschwitz. Hungary, although an ally to Germany in the war, housed more then 700,000 Jews, a prime target for Hitler and his “solution”. After Germany’s lost at Stalingrad, Hungary demanded a separate peace from Germany, wishing to be a free neutral nation. Hitler refused and sent Hungarian head of state, Miklós Horthy, an ultimatum, which was vigorously denied. In response, Germany invaded Hungary on March 19, 1944, therefore started the deportation of 700,000 Jews. Meanwhile to helpless Jews in Budapest knew there fate would soon arrive. In an act of desperation, they cried out for help to the neutral nations and embassies. The neutral nations had the ability to issues passes to Jews who had connections to the countries. These passes acted as a safe-haven for the Jews and kept them out of harms way. After the Swedish negotiations with the German government, it was determined that Jews who obtained these passes were to be treated as Swedish citizens and exempt from wearing the yellow star and being harmed. In a short period of time, Sweden was able to issue a measly 700 passes. The requested an increase in staff, hoping to get a stronger backing from the people in Stockholm. (Bülow)
In 1944, the United States became a factor in the Jewish rescue missions by establishing the War Refugee Board (WRB). The board understood the serious attempts being made by the Swedish government and people and came in contact with the WRB’s representative in Sweden. They determined that a rescue mission was necessary for the thousands of Jews in Hungary and needed an individual to lead the charge. Among the board members was none other then Koloman Lauer. After the first choice was disapproved, Lauer suggested that his business partner be considered for the job. Lauer made a serious case for the election of Wallenberg and in 1944; Raoul Wallenberg was nominated as the first secretary at the Swedish legation in Budapest. Its mission, to rescue as many Jews as possible from the persecution of the German government. (Bülow)
In July of 1944, once Wallenberg arrived, more then 400,000 Jews had been deported using 148 freight trains. Raoul Wallenberg used untraditional methods of saving Jewish lives. Using bribes and extortion threats he became very successful at what he did. Wallenberg’s first task was to create a pass that would pass inspection of a Nazi official. Understanding that the German’s had a weak spot of flashy passes, his were created with blue and yellow and contained the Three Crowns on Sweden in the middle. At first creation, Wallenberg was only allowed the use of 1,500 passes, but soon more then 4,500 passes were printed. On October 15, head of Sweden, Miklós Horthy, was put on a radio frequency requesting peace with the Soviet’s. He was no more then half way through his speech when the German troops took control and immediately overthrew him as leader, replacing him with a leader of the Arrow Cross organization. Wallenberg, however, persevered on in the face of adversity and using courage as his only weapon, succeeded in the rescue of many more Jews. (Linnea)
At the same point in time, Wallenberg had successfully completed the long awaited “Swedish houses” which acted as a safe haven for the Jews. On the front of the house draped the Swedish flag and the houses were declared Swedish territory. Soon, the number of Jews in these houses rose to over 15,000. Other diplomats began noticing Wallenberg’s actions and soon followed in his footsteps. Nations began issuing new protective passes which were created by Wallenberg. In the ensuing chaos of the war, Wallenberg created simple, one page passes with a single signature which worked perfectly. Once November of 1944 rolled around, new issues arrived. The “death marches” as they later became known began, and with that ensued the death of thousands of more Jews. Wallenberg, however, positioned himself in strategic locations and handed out protective passes, while putting up a huge fight to get the passes approved. Wallenberg risked his life by jumping on the tracks, climbing onto the train wagons and issuing several thousand passes. His courage was noticed by the Nazi army, who were ordered to open fire, but deliberately aimed too high. (Linnea)
On January 17, Wallenberg was given permission to visit the Soviet military headquarters. He went to the ghettos, said good bye to his friends and departed with all intentions of returning within the hour. Hours, days, weeks, months and years passed but there was no sighting of Raoul Wallenberg. Wallenberg’s status is unknown. The Russians claim that Wallenberg died on July 17, 1947 in captivity, but other reports indicate differently. It is unknown whether he is dead or alive as of this day today. His honor, courage and perseverance were successful in the rescue of over 100,000 Jews. His actions will never be forgotten by the Jews or the world. In 1981, Raoul Wallenberg became just the third individual to become an honorary US citizen. Numerous monuments and museums were put together, honoring one of the most decorated helper of the Nazi regime. Wallenberg had strayed off from his old family ways of being bankers or diplomats and added a new name: savior.
-Dan Farrar
On August 4, 1912, Raoul was born into one of the most famous families in all of Sweden, the Wallenberg family. With a long tradition of Swedish bankers, diplomats and politicians, the Wallenberg family was one of the largest and most recognizable families. Unfortunately for Raoul, he was born just three months after his father’s death. Raoul Oscar Wallenberg was an officer in the navy who died of cancer before his son was born. Growing up without a father prompted individuals from the Wallenberg family to step in as influences. His grandfather, Gustav Wallenberg took over Raoul’s education. It was planned that Raoul would continue in the family tradition and become a Swedish banker. However, Raoul’s interested strayed away from those of what his parents and grandparents wished. Raoul was more interested in architecture and trade. (“Raoul Gustav Wallenberg”)
In 1931, after his service in the military, Wallenberg traveled to the United States to study at the University of Michigan. There, he graduated in 3 ½ years and received numerous medals and honors for academics while receiving a degree in architecture. Once school was completed, Raoul planned to travel back to Sweden where he would put his major to work. However, the market for architects was small and he was forced to do other work while he waited for a job in the architecture field. In 1935, Gustav sent his grandson to Cape Town, Africa where he worked selling building materials. After a short stint there, he was arranged for a job in a Dutch bank in what is now Israel. He spent a year in Palestine working a quiet life as a banker, but the stories of the Nazi’s persecution of the Jews rattled his life and the Jews life for the better. (“Raoul Wallenberg”) (Rosenfeld)
Perhaps it was because he had a small drop of Jewish blood in him or perhaps it was his human nature, but whatever the reason, Raoul couldn’t help but feel a sense of compassion and longing to help the Jews. Wallenberg’s famous name allotted him the opportunities of being in contact with some of the most powerful successful men in all of Sweden. One of those people was his cousin, Jacob Wallenberg, who was a famous banker and industrialist. With the help of Jacob, Raoul was introduced to Koloman Lauer. Lauer was a Hungarian Jew and also the director of a Swedish based import and export company specializing in food and delicacies. Due to the intelligent nature of Raoul and his excellent communication skills, he became the perfect partner for Lauer and his business. Within months, he was the joint owner of the Mid-European Trading Company. While on business, he made several trips through Nazi-occupied France and Germany, where he was a first hand witness to the German bureaucracy. He also traveled to Hungary to see Lauer’s family (Lauer was a Hungarian Jew). Although Hungary was a neutral nation at the moment, it became a significant influence on Wallenberg as the years passed. (“Raoul Wallenberg and the Rescue of Jews in Budapest”)
In 1944, the world was struck with the sudden realization of the monstrous personality of Adolf Hitler. Hitler’s plan of the “final solution” was released to the world after two Jews escaped and told the horrifying tale of their encounters in Auschwitz. Hungary, although an ally to Germany in the war, housed more then 700,000 Jews, a prime target for Hitler and his “solution”. After Germany’s lost at Stalingrad, Hungary demanded a separate peace from Germany, wishing to be a free neutral nation. Hitler refused and sent Hungarian head of state, Miklós Horthy, an ultimatum, which was vigorously denied. In response, Germany invaded Hungary on March 19, 1944, therefore started the deportation of 700,000 Jews. Meanwhile to helpless Jews in Budapest knew there fate would soon arrive. In an act of desperation, they cried out for help to the neutral nations and embassies. The neutral nations had the ability to issues passes to Jews who had connections to the countries. These passes acted as a safe-haven for the Jews and kept them out of harms way. After the Swedish negotiations with the German government, it was determined that Jews who obtained these passes were to be treated as Swedish citizens and exempt from wearing the yellow star and being harmed. In a short period of time, Sweden was able to issue a measly 700 passes. The requested an increase in staff, hoping to get a stronger backing from the people in Stockholm. (Bülow)
In 1944, the United States became a factor in the Jewish rescue missions by establishing the War Refugee Board (WRB). The board understood the serious attempts being made by the Swedish government and people and came in contact with the WRB’s representative in Sweden. They determined that a rescue mission was necessary for the thousands of Jews in Hungary and needed an individual to lead the charge. Among the board members was none other then Koloman Lauer. After the first choice was disapproved, Lauer suggested that his business partner be considered for the job. Lauer made a serious case for the election of Wallenberg and in 1944; Raoul Wallenberg was nominated as the first secretary at the Swedish legation in Budapest. Its mission, to rescue as many Jews as possible from the persecution of the German government. (Bülow)
In July of 1944, once Wallenberg arrived, more then 400,000 Jews had been deported using 148 freight trains. Raoul Wallenberg used untraditional methods of saving Jewish lives. Using bribes and extortion threats he became very successful at what he did. Wallenberg’s first task was to create a pass that would pass inspection of a Nazi official. Understanding that the German’s had a weak spot of flashy passes, his were created with blue and yellow and contained the Three Crowns on Sweden in the middle. At first creation, Wallenberg was only allowed the use of 1,500 passes, but soon more then 4,500 passes were printed. On October 15, head of Sweden, Miklós Horthy, was put on a radio frequency requesting peace with the Soviet’s. He was no more then half way through his speech when the German troops took control and immediately overthrew him as leader, replacing him with a leader of the Arrow Cross organization. Wallenberg, however, persevered on in the face of adversity and using courage as his only weapon, succeeded in the rescue of many more Jews. (Linnea)
At the same point in time, Wallenberg had successfully completed the long awaited “Swedish houses” which acted as a safe haven for the Jews. On the front of the house draped the Swedish flag and the houses were declared Swedish territory. Soon, the number of Jews in these houses rose to over 15,000. Other diplomats began noticing Wallenberg’s actions and soon followed in his footsteps. Nations began issuing new protective passes which were created by Wallenberg. In the ensuing chaos of the war, Wallenberg created simple, one page passes with a single signature which worked perfectly. Once November of 1944 rolled around, new issues arrived. The “death marches” as they later became known began, and with that ensued the death of thousands of more Jews. Wallenberg, however, positioned himself in strategic locations and handed out protective passes, while putting up a huge fight to get the passes approved. Wallenberg risked his life by jumping on the tracks, climbing onto the train wagons and issuing several thousand passes. His courage was noticed by the Nazi army, who were ordered to open fire, but deliberately aimed too high. (Linnea)
On January 17, Wallenberg was given permission to visit the Soviet military headquarters. He went to the ghettos, said good bye to his friends and departed with all intentions of returning within the hour. Hours, days, weeks, months and years passed but there was no sighting of Raoul Wallenberg. Wallenberg’s status is unknown. The Russians claim that Wallenberg died on July 17, 1947 in captivity, but other reports indicate differently. It is unknown whether he is dead or alive as of this day today. His honor, courage and perseverance were successful in the rescue of over 100,000 Jews. His actions will never be forgotten by the Jews or the world. In 1981, Raoul Wallenberg became just the third individual to become an honorary US citizen. Numerous monuments and museums were put together, honoring one of the most decorated helper of the Nazi regime. Wallenberg had strayed off from his old family ways of being bankers or diplomats and added a new name: savior.
-Dan Farrar
Monday, January 12, 2009
Raoul Wallenberg and His Legacy
Raoul Wallenberg was a person able to put others before himself and went out of his way to help victims during WWII. Not many people who studied the Holocaust know Raoul Wallenberg but once learning about him it is hard to forget him and his accomplishments. He was a hero during WWII and was able to prevent many tragedies that could have occurred through his courage and potential which was able to influence many people after his time. Raoul Wallenberg is a man that is one of his kind who stood by his beliefs and pursued them to the fullest extent. No one thought of laying a finger on the Nazi’s or trying to go against them but he proved everyone wrong by doing just that.
Raoul Wallenberg had a very interesting childhood. He was born on August 4th, 1912 in Wapole, Lindingo. He was the son of both Raoul Oscar Wallenberg and Maria Sofia Wising. Sadly, before he was born his father had passed away due to cancer. After a short while his mother remarried and was pregnant with Raoul’s half brother and sister. His siblings names were Guy von Dardel and a half sister named Nina Lagergen. He grew very close to his siblings during his childhood but split apart from them once he grew older and wanted to explore and learn a lot more about the world. Raoul’s family was wealthy but after his father died their income became mid-level. But, through his Grandfather who Raoul was extremely close to he was able to go through any educational process he wanted. Raoul was extremely interested in becoming an architect even though his Grandfather wanted him to continue the tradition of the family by becoming a banker(Becker). Soon after, Raoul still decided to get a degree in Architecture and embarked on a journey to America. There, Raoul attended the University of Michigan and learned to speak English, German and French. His academic scores were amazing to the point that he received a medal representing someone with outstanding academic capabilities. He ended up earning a bachelor’s degree in Science and Architecture and headed back to Sweden at the time it was extremely hard to find jobs but his Grandfather helped him greatly with getting started.
After a lot of job searching Raoul’s Grandfather was extremely lucky and found Raoul a job. His first job was at Cape Town, South Africa where he practiced at a Swedish Firm. After learning a lot about his job and gaining a lot of experience his Grandfather found him a better job. He later traveled to Haifa, Palestine now known as Israel to start an advanced job(Graham). There, Raoul met Jews in Palestine that had escaped Hitler's rule. He was greatly influenced by their story because his Great Grandparents were Jewish which made him part Jewish as well. He felt obligated to take action but didn't believe it was possible for him to do anything at the time. Raoul Wallenberg returned to Sweden and found a business partner who was a Jew who aided in educating Raoul on the current situation in Germany that was spreading through Europe. He traveled with his business partner through Europe and was able to learn how the German Government worked. He traveled to many places such as Hungary and Budapest where his understanding of the situation taking place grew. He then ended up staying in Hungary where his partner’s family lived which is e e e e e e e e when his journey began.
In Hungary Raoul had become extremely interested in the situation in Germany. Raoul and his partner stumbled upon the Refugee Board (WRB) created by USA to save Jews from Nazi prosecution(Graham). Raoul's partner was elected to lead a rescue operation in Budapest because of his familiarity with the area. Raoul was appointed as dthe first secretary at the Swedish legislation in Budapest. Raoul was able to convince the Swedish legislature to approve of his methods of saving the Jews. After a short amount of time he was promoted to head of the operations that would be taken place in Hungary. After awhile Germany had taken over Hungary and the organization was dismantled. Raoul thought he couldn’t do anything else and his work was done. But, he decided not to e e e e e e e e give up and started building Swedish Houses which were made for Jewish refugees holding approximately 15,000 Jews in total. This also inspired people in other countries to make Swedish Houses as well to help Jewish refugees(Graham). Raoul had gained a lot of courage and ended up fighting and bribing the Nazi’s for the safe passing of Jews. Raoul was doing so well that the Hungarian ruler allowed Raoul to issue passes to Swedish Jews. But after the Nazi control in Hungary got stronger his passes were taken away. He was so angry and still had thousands of passes left so he jumped on a train filled with Jews and put passes into their hands and demanded they get off the train with him. German soldiers were told to shoot on site but the soldiers were so impressed that even after being told to open fire they deliberately aimed to high. Raoul was also told about a massacre of 90,000 Jews in a ghetto that was going to occur. But, through a letter to the leader which stated that he would take full responsibility for his actions at the ghetto and would be tried as a criminal made him fall back with his troops. Raoul was able to save the Jews in the camp which was easily his biggest accomplishment. Raoul affected WWII in one of the most positive outlooks. He is responsible for saving approximately 100,000 Jews through his time in Hungary. Raoul influenced many people in his time and was able to help many Jews through his Swedish Houses and extremely courageous acts which even got German soldiers startled. People followed his lead and setup many things in order to help Jews to escape Hitler's reign as well. Without Raoul Wallenberg thousands of Jews would have been wiped out.
At the end of Raoul's accomplishments he was taken by the Russian's. No one knew what had happened to him but eventually the Russian's had announced that he was killed on the radio. Raoul Wallenberg was said to have died from a heart attack on July 17, 1947. Raoul was not only a person who saved many people but someone who used his skills and talents to out smart one of the most influential powers in the world’s history. He was able to hold himself up and fight to the finish even if it meant his death.
~ Saquib Zahid
Raoul Wallenberg had a very interesting childhood. He was born on August 4th, 1912 in Wapole, Lindingo. He was the son of both Raoul Oscar Wallenberg and Maria Sofia Wising. Sadly, before he was born his father had passed away due to cancer. After a short while his mother remarried and was pregnant with Raoul’s half brother and sister. His siblings names were Guy von Dardel and a half sister named Nina Lagergen. He grew very close to his siblings during his childhood but split apart from them once he grew older and wanted to explore and learn a lot more about the world. Raoul’s family was wealthy but after his father died their income became mid-level. But, through his Grandfather who Raoul was extremely close to he was able to go through any educational process he wanted. Raoul was extremely interested in becoming an architect even though his Grandfather wanted him to continue the tradition of the family by becoming a banker(Becker). Soon after, Raoul still decided to get a degree in Architecture and embarked on a journey to America. There, Raoul attended the University of Michigan and learned to speak English, German and French. His academic scores were amazing to the point that he received a medal representing someone with outstanding academic capabilities. He ended up earning a bachelor’s degree in Science and Architecture and headed back to Sweden at the time it was extremely hard to find jobs but his Grandfather helped him greatly with getting started.
After a lot of job searching Raoul’s Grandfather was extremely lucky and found Raoul a job. His first job was at Cape Town, South Africa where he practiced at a Swedish Firm. After learning a lot about his job and gaining a lot of experience his Grandfather found him a better job. He later traveled to Haifa, Palestine now known as Israel to start an advanced job(Graham). There, Raoul met Jews in Palestine that had escaped Hitler's rule. He was greatly influenced by their story because his Great Grandparents were Jewish which made him part Jewish as well. He felt obligated to take action but didn't believe it was possible for him to do anything at the time. Raoul Wallenberg returned to Sweden and found a business partner who was a Jew who aided in educating Raoul on the current situation in Germany that was spreading through Europe. He traveled with his business partner through Europe and was able to learn how the German Government worked. He traveled to many places such as Hungary and Budapest where his understanding of the situation taking place grew. He then ended up staying in Hungary where his partner’s family lived which is e e e e e e e e when his journey began.
In Hungary Raoul had become extremely interested in the situation in Germany. Raoul and his partner stumbled upon the Refugee Board (WRB) created by USA to save Jews from Nazi prosecution(Graham). Raoul's partner was elected to lead a rescue operation in Budapest because of his familiarity with the area. Raoul was appointed as dthe first secretary at the Swedish legislation in Budapest. Raoul was able to convince the Swedish legislature to approve of his methods of saving the Jews. After a short amount of time he was promoted to head of the operations that would be taken place in Hungary. After awhile Germany had taken over Hungary and the organization was dismantled. Raoul thought he couldn’t do anything else and his work was done. But, he decided not to e e e e e e e e give up and started building Swedish Houses which were made for Jewish refugees holding approximately 15,000 Jews in total. This also inspired people in other countries to make Swedish Houses as well to help Jewish refugees(Graham). Raoul had gained a lot of courage and ended up fighting and bribing the Nazi’s for the safe passing of Jews. Raoul was doing so well that the Hungarian ruler allowed Raoul to issue passes to Swedish Jews. But after the Nazi control in Hungary got stronger his passes were taken away. He was so angry and still had thousands of passes left so he jumped on a train filled with Jews and put passes into their hands and demanded they get off the train with him. German soldiers were told to shoot on site but the soldiers were so impressed that even after being told to open fire they deliberately aimed to high. Raoul was also told about a massacre of 90,000 Jews in a ghetto that was going to occur. But, through a letter to the leader which stated that he would take full responsibility for his actions at the ghetto and would be tried as a criminal made him fall back with his troops. Raoul was able to save the Jews in the camp which was easily his biggest accomplishment. Raoul affected WWII in one of the most positive outlooks. He is responsible for saving approximately 100,000 Jews through his time in Hungary. Raoul influenced many people in his time and was able to help many Jews through his Swedish Houses and extremely courageous acts which even got German soldiers startled. People followed his lead and setup many things in order to help Jews to escape Hitler's reign as well. Without Raoul Wallenberg thousands of Jews would have been wiped out.
At the end of Raoul's accomplishments he was taken by the Russian's. No one knew what had happened to him but eventually the Russian's had announced that he was killed on the radio. Raoul Wallenberg was said to have died from a heart attack on July 17, 1947. Raoul was not only a person who saved many people but someone who used his skills and talents to out smart one of the most influential powers in the world’s history. He was able to hold himself up and fight to the finish even if it meant his death.
~ Saquib Zahid
Works Cited
Works Cited
Becker, Mark. Inside World War II. New York City, NY: Pelican Publishing, 1995.
Bülow, Louis. "Man of Courage." Aushwitz. 12 Jan 2009. http://www.auschwitz.dk/wallenberg.htm
Daniel, Jamie. Raoul Wallenberg : one man against Nazi terror . Milwaukee: Stevens Children's Books, 1992.
Graham, John. Nazi's and World War II. Gretna, Louisiana: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989.
Larsson, Jan. "Man of Courage: Raoul Wallenberg." Raoul Wallenberg, Angel of Mercy. 1995. 9 Jan 2009. http://www.auschwitz.dk/wallenberg.htm
Larsson, Jan. "Raoul Wallenberg's Biography." The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. 12 Jan 2009. http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/wallenberg/raoul-wallenberg-s-biography.611.htm
Linnea, Sharon. Raoul Wallenberg : the man who stopped death . Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1993.
"Raoul Wallenberg and the Resue of Jews in Budapest." Holocaust Encyclopedia. 04 Dec 2008. 12 Jan 2009 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005211
"Raoul Gustav Wallenberg." Geocities. 09 18 1999. Yahoo. 12 Jan 2009 http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/2393/
"Raoul Wallenberg." Jewish Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 12 Jan 2009 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/wallenberg.html
Rosenfeld, Harvey. Raoul Wallenberg, angel of rescue : heroism and torment in the gulag. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1982.
Zide, David. "Raoul Wallenberg." Jewish Virtual Library . 2008. 9 Jan 2009. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/wallenberg.html
Becker, Mark. Inside World War II. New York City, NY: Pelican Publishing, 1995.
Bülow, Louis. "Man of Courage." Aushwitz. 12 Jan 2009. http://www.auschwitz.dk/wallenberg.htm
Daniel, Jamie. Raoul Wallenberg : one man against Nazi terror . Milwaukee: Stevens Children's Books, 1992.
Graham, John. Nazi's and World War II. Gretna, Louisiana: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989.
Larsson, Jan. "Man of Courage: Raoul Wallenberg." Raoul Wallenberg, Angel of Mercy. 1995. 9 Jan 2009. http://www.auschwitz.dk/wallenberg.htm
Larsson, Jan. "Raoul Wallenberg's Biography." The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. 12 Jan 2009. http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/wallenberg/raoul-wallenberg-s-biography.611.htm
Linnea, Sharon. Raoul Wallenberg : the man who stopped death . Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1993.
"Raoul Wallenberg and the Resue of Jews in Budapest." Holocaust Encyclopedia. 04 Dec 2008. 12 Jan 2009 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005211
"Raoul Gustav Wallenberg." Geocities. 09 18 1999. Yahoo. 12 Jan 2009 http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/2393/
"Raoul Wallenberg." Jewish Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 12 Jan 2009 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/wallenberg.html
Rosenfeld, Harvey. Raoul Wallenberg, angel of rescue : heroism and torment in the gulag. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1982.
Zide, David. "Raoul Wallenberg." Jewish Virtual Library . 2008. 9 Jan 2009. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/wallenberg.html
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)